Phare d'Alcatraz

Le phare de l'île d'Alcatraz est situé au sud de l'île d'Alcatraz, près de la prison, dans la baie de San Francisco aux États-Unis. Il s'agit du premier phare construit sur la côte Ouest des États-Unis. Ce premier phare de l'île est érigé en 1854. En raison du tremblement de terre de 1906, celui-ci est remplacé et déplacé au sud de l'île, en 1909, par un plus grand phare, d'une élévation de 29 mètres au-dessus du niveau de la baie. En 1963, année de fermeture du pénitencier fédéral d'Alcatraz, l'automatisation du phare et du signal lumineux sont modernisées. Ce phare est géré par la Garde côtière américaine, et les phares de l'État de Californie sont entretenus par le District 11 de la Garde côtière . Il est classé, en date du 26 juin 1976, au Registre national des lieux historiques avec le reste de l'île.

1. Histoire

Même si les Amérindiens de la région de San Francisco sont présentés comme étant les premiers colons de l'île (ils recueillaient des œufs de la grande nuée d'oiseaux qui se réunissaient régulièrement là-bas), Alcatraz obtient son nom en 1775 lorsque Juan Manuel de Ayala, un Espagnol est engagé pour surveiller le port et la baie de San Francisco. Dès lors, il observe les pélicans en grand nombre sur l'île qu'il appelle l'île Isla de los Alcatraces ce qui signifie l'île des pélicans. L'île se trouve à 1,6 km. La ruée vers l'or en Californie et le risque inhérent des eaux agitées de la côte ouest pointent l'urgence d'établir des phares. Le Congrès reconnait la nécessité et adopte les normes appropriées, dans les années 1851 et 1852, pour la construction de sept phares sur la côte Ouest afin de guider la navigation. La société Gibbons et Kelly de Baltimore obtient le contrat pour la construction de sept phares en Californie dont celui de l'île d'Alcatraz. Le phare d'Alcatraz est le premier à être achevé en juillet 1853, ce qui en fait la plus ancienne lumière de navigation majeure de la côte ouest. Dans le projet initial d'équipement, des quinquets, ou lampe Argand, et des réflecteurs paraboliques avaient été spécifiés tout comme la lentille de Fresnel, créée par Augustin Fresnel et considérée comme très coûteuse à l'époque. Toutefois, le Conseil des phares (American Lighthouse Board) décide d'installer des lentilles de Fresnel dans tous les phares qu'il gère, compte tenu de leurs meilleures performances, même si le coût est élevé. La firme de Baltimore est informée de ce changement avant que l'équipement soit livré. C'est le constructeur français Louis Sautter qui est choisi et qui livre en octobre 1853 une optique de Fresnel, de troisième ordre pour le phare d'Alcatraz. L'expédition implique un long voyage en mer de 19 000 km, de la côte Est en contournant l'Amérique du Sud par le Cap Horn. Le phare est allumé le 1er juin 1854. En 1902, la lentille est transférée au phare du cap St. Elias en Alaska et remplacée par une lentille de Fresnel, de quatrième ordre et renouvelable, produisant un flash blanc toutes les cinq secondes. En ce qui concerne la conversion de tous les phares, réalisée entre 1853 et 1860, avec des lentilles de Fresnel fabriquées en France, Louis Sautter va obtenir la moitié des commandes américaines d'optiques pour phares, l'autre moitié va être attribuée à son concurrent français, la Société Henry-Lepaute.

1. Détails de la structure


1. Aide à la navigation


1. Notes et références

(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé « Alcatraz Island Light » (voir la liste des auteurs).

1. Voir aussi


1. = Articles connexes =

Liste des phares de la Californie Baie de San Francisco Île d'Alcatraz

1. = Liens externes =

Ressource relative à la géographie : Geographic Names Information System

(en) Le phare de l'île d'Alcatraz - U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System (en) Le phare de l'île d'Alcatraz - United States Coast Guard Historian's Office (en) Phares du nord de la Californie (en) Phare d'Alcatraz (en) [PDF] Light list - Volume VI - US Coast Guard - Pacific Coast and Pacific Islands (Liste des phares de la côte Pacifique et des îles Pacifiques - Garde-côtes US - p. 38

Portail des phares Portail de l’océan Pacifique Portail de San Francisco

Nearby Places View Menu

Alcatraz Island Lighthouse

Alcatraz Island Lighthouse is a lighthouse—the first one built on the U.S. West Coast—located on Alcatraz Island in California's San Francisco Bay. It is located at the southern end of the island near the entrance to the prison. The first light house on the island was completed in 1854, and served the bay during its time as a Citadel and military prison. It was replaced by a taller (95 feet (29 m) above mean sea level) concrete tower built in 1909 to the south of the original one which was demolished after it was damaged due to earthquake in 1906. The automation of the lighthouse with a modern beacon took place in 1963, the year Alcatraz closed as the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. It is the oldest light station on the island with a modern beacon and is part of the museum on the island. Although when viewed from afar it easily looks the tallest structure on Alcatraz, it is actually shorter than the Alcatraz Water Tower, but as it lies on higher ground it looks much taller.

Landmark Museum

Warden's House (Alcatraz Island)

The Warden's House was the home of the wardens of the federal penitentiary on Alcatraz Island, off San Francisco. It is located at the southeastern end of the Main Cellblock, next to Alcatraz Lighthouse. The 3-floor 15-room mansion was built in 1921 according to the Golden Gate National Recreational Area signpost, although some sources say it was built in 1926 or 1929 and had 17 or 18 rooms. After Alcatraz was converted into a federal penitentiary, between 1934 and 1963 the four wardens of Alcatraz resided here including the first warden, James A. Johnston. A house of luxury in stark contrast to the jail next to it, the wardens often held lavish cocktail parties here. The signpost at the spot shows a photograph of a trusted inmate doing chores at the house for the warden and that the house had a terraced garden and greenhouse. The mansion had tall windows, providing fine views of San Francisco Bay. Today the house is a ruin, burnt during the AIM (American Indian Movement) Occupation of Alcatraz on June 1, 1970. AIM tried to put out the flames, but a bucket brigade was inadequate. The Warden's house had a greenhouse. Working there and getting access was a high mark of trust and approval for an inmate. The slope below the Warden's House has been the subject of structural remediation as it was deteriorating.

Historic Site Landmark

Alcatraz Library

Alcatraz Library was a library for inmates at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. It was located at the end of D-Block. On entering Alcatraz, every inmate received a library card and a catalog of books found in the library. An inmate would order a book by putting a slip with their card in a box at the entrance to the dining hall before breakfast, and a librarian took the order to and from their cell. The library, which used a closed-stack paging system, had a collection of 10,000 to 15,000 books, mainly left over from Alcatraz's army days. Inmates were permitted a maximum of three books in addition to up to 12 text books, a Bible, and a dictionary. They were permitted to subscribe to magazines but crime-related pages were torn out and newspapers were prohibited. Crime and violence were prohibited from all books and magazines, and the library was governed by a chaplain who regulated the censorship and the nature of the reading material to ensure that the material was wholesome. Failure to return books by the date given made the inmate liable to removal of privileges. A sign in the library today displays an extract from the Federal Bureau of Prisons booklet in 1960: "These men read more serious literature than does the ordinary person in the community. Philosophers such as Kant, Schopenhauer, Hegel, etc. are especially popular." Other authors include Jack London, Sinclair Lewis, Washington Irving, Zane Grey, Hamlin Garland, Alexandre Dumas, Daniel Defoe, Joseph Conrad, Miguel de Cervantes and magazines such as Adventure to Time, Better Homes and Gardens and Library Digest. A law library was later added to A-Block. A library scene in Alcatraz appeared in the 1979 Clint Eastwood film Escape from Alcatraz in which Eastwood's character of Frank Morris converses with another inmate.

Library

Building 64

Building 64, also known as the Building #64 or the Building 64 Residential Apartments, was the first building constructed on the island of Alcatraz off the coast of San Francisco, USA, entirely for the purpose of accommodating the military officers and their families living on the island. Located next to the dock on the southeastern side of the island below the Warden's House, the three-story apartment block was built in 1905 on the site of a U.S. Army barracks which had been there from the 1860s. It functioned as the Military Guard Barracks from 1906 until 1933. One of its largest apartments in the southwest corner was known as the "Cow Palace" and a nearby alleyway was known as "Chinatown". During Federal prison times from 1934, the building gradually fell into a shabby state, and new quarters were built on the Parade Grounds, but most families arriving on the island stayed in Building 64 until a room in the newer quarters was available. Most of the other residential quarters have since been demolished, but Building 64 remains and has since been renovated. During the Occupation of Alcatraz, in 1970 the Native Americans drew graffiti in red around the "United States Penitentiary" sign saying "Indians welcome" and "Indian land". There is a book store on the ground floor on the left side of the building.

Historic Site Landmark

Alcatraz Island

Alcatraz Island () is a small island about 1.25 miles offshore from San Francisco in San Francisco Bay, California, near the Golden Gate Strait. The island was developed in the mid-19th century with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, and a military prison. In 1934, the island was converted into a federal prison, Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. The strong tidal currents around the island and ice-cold water temperatures made escape nearly impossible, giving the prison one of the most notorious reputations of its kind in American history. The prison closed on March 21, 1963, leaving the island a major tourist attraction today with nearly 1.4 million people visiting the island annually. Beginning in November 1969, the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Native Americans, initially primarily from San Francisco, who were later joined by the American Indian Movement and other urban Native Americans from other parts of the country, who were part of a wave of Native American activists organizing public protests across the US through the 1970s. In 1972, Alcatraz was transferred to the Department of Interior to become part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. Today, the island's facilities are managed by the National Park Service as part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Visitors can reach the island by ferry ride from Pier 33, located between the San Francisco Ferry Building and Fisherman's Wharf. Hornblower Cruises, operating under the name Alcatraz City Cruises, is the official ferry provider to and from the island. Alcatraz Island is the site of the abandoned federal prison, the oldest operating lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States, early military fortifications, and natural features such as rock pools and a seabird colony (mostly western gulls, cormorants, and egrets). According to a 1971 documentary on the history of Alcatraz, the island measures 1,675 feet (511 m) by 590 feet (180 m) and is 135 feet (41 m) at highest point during mean tide. The total area of the island is reported to be 22 acres (8.9 ha). Landmarks on the island include the Main Cellhouse, Dining Hall, Lighthouse, the ruins of the Warden's House and Social Hall, Parade Grounds, Building 64, Water Tower, New Industries Building, Model Industries Building, and the Recreation Yard.

Historic Site Landmark