Bataille de l'Étendard

La bataille de l'Étendard (Battle of the Standard en anglais) se déroula le 22 août 1138 près de Northallerton et de Brompton dans le Yorkshire, durant l'Anarchie.

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Battle of the Standard

The Battle of the Standard, sometimes called the Battle of Northallerton, took place on 22 August 1138 on Cowton Moor near Northallerton in Yorkshire, England. English forces under William of Aumale repelled a Scottish army led by King David I of Scotland. King Stephen of England, fighting rebel barons in the south, had sent a small force (largely mercenaries), but the English army was mainly local militia and baronial retinues from Yorkshire and the north Midlands. Archbishop Thurstan of York had exerted himself greatly to raise the army, preaching that to withstand the Scots was to do God's work. The centre of the English position was therefore marked by a mast (mounted upon a cart) bearing a pyx carrying the consecrated host and from which were flown the consecrated banners of the minsters of York, Beverley and Ripon: hence the name of the battle. This cart-mounted standard was a very northerly example of a type of standard common in contemporary Italy, where it was known as a carroccio. King David had entered England for two declared reasons: To support his niece Matilda's claim to the English throne against that of King Stephen (married to another niece) To enlarge his kingdom beyond his previous gains. David's forces had already taken much of Northumberland apart from castles at Wark and Bamburgh. Advancing beyond the Tees towards York, early on 22 August the Scots found the English army drawn up on open fields 2 miles (3 km) north of Northallerton; they formed up in four 'lines' to attack it. The first attack, by unarmoured spearmen against armoured men (including dismounted knights) supported by telling fire from archers, failed. Within three hours, the Scots army disintegrated, apart from small bodies of knights and men-at-arms around David and his son Henry. At this point, Henry led a spirited attack with mounted knights; he and David then withdrew separately with their immediate companions in relatively good order. Heavy Scots losses are claimed, in battle and in flight. The English did not pursue far; David fell back to Carlisle and reassembled an army. Within a month, a truce was negotiated which left the Scots free to continue the siege of Wark castle, which eventually fell. Despite losing the battle, David was subsequently given most of the territorial concessions he had been seeking (which the chronicles say he had been offered before he crossed the Tees). David held these throughout the Anarchy, but on the death of David, his successor Malcolm IV of Scotland was soon forced to surrender David's gains to Henry II of England. Some chronicle accounts of the battle include an invented pre-battle speech on the glorious deeds of the Normans, occasionally quoted as good contemporary evidence of the high opinion the Normans held of themselves.

Brompton railway station

Brompton railway station was a railway station that served the town of Brompton, North Yorkshire, England. It was opened in 1854 and closed in 1965. The line it was on is still open and carries passenger traffic to and from Sunderland and Middlesbrough to Manchester Airport and London King's Cross.

St Thomas' Church, Brompton

St Thomas' Church is the parish church of Brompton, a village near Northallerton in North Yorkshire, in England. There was a church on the site by the 11th century, but the oldest surviving parts of the current church are parts of the north aisle and south wall of the nave, dating from about 1180. The chancel was rebuilt in the 14th century, when the nave was lengthened, and the north aisle was raised in height. The tower was added in the 15th century. The nave was repaired in 1638, and the chancel in 1660, both occasions marked by plaques on the relevant south walls. The church was restored by Ewan Christian in 1868, which included the replacement of most of the windows, removal of the gallery, and the addition of a chancel arch, organ chamber and vestry. The building was Grade I listed in 1970. The church is built of stone with Welsh slate roofs, and consists of a nave, a north aisle, a chancel, a north vestry, and a partly embraced southwest tower incorporating a porch. The tower has three stages, diagonal buttresses, a south doorway with a chamfered surround and a basket arch, a hood mould and a small niche. Above are chamfered bands, clock faces, two-light bell openings, an embattled parapet with corner crocketed pinnacles, and a pyramidal roof. Inside the church are pre-Norman items, including three early 10th century hogback tombstones with flanking sitting bears, and two crosses. There is a 17th-century chest in the vestry, and the west window has stained glass by Charles Eamer Kempe.

Brompton, Northallerton

Brompton is a village and civil parish in the unitary area and county of North Yorkshire, England, about 1.6 miles (2.6 km) north of Northallerton. The village was near the site of a battle between English and Scots armies and was the location of mills producing linen goods from the 18th century onward.

Danby Wiske railway station

Danby Wiske railway station was a station on the East Coast Main Line. It was located approximately 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) east of Danby Wiske, in North Yorkshire. Opened on 1 December 1884 the station was closed to passengers on 15 September 1958. To the south of the station at milepost 32 (measured from York) were Danby Wiske (also known as Wiske Moor) water troughs to allow fast steam locomotives to take on water whilst still running. Because of the spray when they collected water, the troughs could not be located at big stations (such as Northallerton or Darlington) with Danby Wiske being one of six locations on the East Coast Main Line that had the water troughs. Brought into use in 1901, they were the second set on the NER, after Lucker. The LNER introduced The Coronation express service in July 1937, which ran between King's Cross and Edinburgh, calling only at York (southbound trains also called at Newcastle), so it was necessary for the A4 Pacific locomotive to pick up plenty of water at water troughs in order to avoid unscheduled stops. Locomotive crews on the northbound Coronation soon reported that at Wiske Moor troughs, the amount of water picked up was sometimes insufficient to reach Lucker troughs without stopping at Newcastle. It was arranged that on 8 October 1937, both the northbound and southbound Coronation trains would carry a railway inspector on the footplate in order to observe the water pick-ups. It so happened that the two trains passed each other at Wiske Moor, where one of the inspectors received fatal injuries. The northbound train (hauled by no. 4491 Commonwealth of Australia) had lowered their scoop to its limit, which when the water filled the tender, was unable to be retracted because of the force holding it there. The overflowing water hit the southbound express (hauled by no. 4492 Dominion of New Zealand) causing widespread damage, but critically, it forced out the glass from the locomotive's windows. The glass hit the railway inspector at the base of the neck and left him unconscious. He was taken off the train at Northallerton but later died in hospital. Several measures were taken in order to avoid a recurrence: a 60 mph (97 km/h) speed restriction was imposed on the Coronation service at Wiske Moor troughs; the tenders were modified so that any overflow was carried down through pipes, and armoured glass was fitted instead of Triplex toughened glass.