École industrielle indienne de Carlisle

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L'École industrielle indienne de Carlisle (Carlisle Indian Industrial School, aussi appelée United States Indian Industrial School) était le modèle des pensionnats pour Autochtones aux États-Unis de 1879 à 1918. Situé à Carlisle en Pennsylvanie, le pensionnat était implanté à la caserne de Carlisle et il accueillait des élèves autochtones. Le pensionnat est fondé en 1879 par Richard Henry Pratt (en) sous l'autorité du gouvernement.

Location

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Nearby Places

Carlisle Indian Industrial School

The United States Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, generally known as Carlisle Indian Industrial School, was the flagship Indian boarding school in the United States from its founding in 1879 to 1918. It was based in the historic Carlisle Barracks, which was transferred to the Department of Interior from the War Department for the purpose of establishing the school. Throughout its history, over 7,800 children from 140 Native American tribes were enrolled at the school. After the United States entered World War I, the school was closed, and the property was transferred back for use by the U.S. Department of Defense. The property is now part of the U.S. Army War College. In December 2024, it was designated a national monument by President Joe Biden called the Carlisle Federal Indian Boarding School National Monument and co-managed by the Army and the National Park Service in consultation with Native American tribes.

Historic Site Monument

Strategic Studies Institute

The Strategic Studies Institute is the U.S. Army's institute for strategic and national security research and analysis. It is part of the U.S. Army War College. SSI conducts strategic research and analysis to support the U.S. Army War College curricula, provides direct analysis for Army and Department of Defense leadership, and serves as a bridge to the wider strategic community. It is located at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.

Government Landmark

Carlisle Barracks

Carlisle Barracks is a United States Army facility located in Pennsylvania, with a Carlisle post office address and with a portion in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. The site of the U.S. Army War College, it is the nation's second-oldest active military base. The first structures were built in 1757, during the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France in the colonies. From 1879 to 1918, the property was transferred to the Department of Interior to operate the Carlisle Indian Industrial School. This was the first off-reservation boarding school established to educate and assimilate Native American children into European-American culture. In 1891 Congress passed legislation to expand this program. After the United States entered World War I, the school was closed and the property was transferred back to the War Department.

Historic Site Landmark

United States Army War College

The United States Army War College is a U.S. Army staff college in Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, with a Carlisle postal address, on the 500-acre campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks. It provides graduate-level instruction to senior military officers, government officials, and civilians to prepare them for senior leadership assignments and responsibilities. Each year, a number of Army colonels and lieutenant colonels are considered by a board for admission. Approximately 800 students attend at any one time, half in a two-year-long distance learning program, and the other half in an on-campus, full-time resident program lasting ten months. Upon completion, the college grants its graduates a master's degree in Strategic Studies. The Army War College is a split-functional institution. Emphasis is placed on research and students are also instructed in leadership, strategy, and joint-service/international operations. It is one of the senior service colleges including the Naval War College and the USAF Air War College. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Defense operates the National War College. On 2 October 2025, The United States Army War College, a direct reporting unit to the Chief of Staff of the Army; together with its authorities, responsibilities, assigned subordinate elements, personnel, and resources; is redesignated and reassigned to the CG, Combined Arms Command, subordinated unit of the United States Army Transformation and Training Command.

University

538 m

LeTort Spring Run

The LeTort Spring Run is a 9.4-mile-long tributary of Conodoguinet Creek in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Located near Carlisle, its length between Pennsylvania Route 34 and Conodoguinet Creek is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River. It is a well-known fly fishing stream where anglers fish for brown trout. Located along its banks are LeTort Park, owned by the Borough of Carlisle, and the LeTort Spring Run Nature Trail. It is named for the French-Canadian fur trader James Le Tort, who built a cabin in the area about 1720.

Fishing Landmark

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En décembre 2024, le site est nommé Monument national par le président Joe Biden

Histoire

La caserne de Carlisle appartient d'abord au département de la Guerre. Le gouvernement a enquêté sur l'assimilation d'anciens élèves autochtones à la Hampton Normal and Agricultural School et d'anciens prisonniers de guerre avant d'autoriser Pratt à ouvrir le premier pensionnat entièrement dévolu aux Autochtones. À cette fin, la propriété de l'ancienne caserne de Carlisle est transférée depuis le département de la Guerre vers celui de l'Intérieur. Carlisle est l'un des premiers pensionnats pour Autochtones établis hors d'une réserve et financés par le gouvernement fédéral. Selon ses propres dires, la devise de Pratt était de « Tuer l'Indien pour sauver l'homme » ; cette mentalité est ensuite appliquée à grande échelle dans une campagne de nettoyage ethnique et d'assimilation des Autochtones via le système des pensionnats. Comme à Hampton, les arrivants sont tondus et même leurs noms sont changés. Néanmoins, contrairement à Hampton, dont l'objectif était d'éduquer et assimiler des Autochtones pour les renvoyer ensuite vers leurs communautés, Carlisle avait vocation à devenir l'avant-garde de l'américanisation. À Carlisle, la devise de Pratt se concrétisait par un régime fortement structuré, presque militaire. Il recourait aux punitions corporelles (qui n'étaient pas rares à l'époque dans la société) quand des élèves manifestaient des comportements traditionnels. De 1879 à 1918, plus de 10 000 enfants autochtones issus de 140 tribus ont fréquenté Carlisle. Les tribus les plus représentées à Carlisle sont les Lakotas, les Ojibwés, les Cherokees, les Apaches, les Cheyennes, les habitants originels de l'Alaska ainsi que des Sénécas et des Oneidas. Le pensionnat de Carlisle a symbolisé les valeurs de l'ère progressiste. Certains ont pensé que Carlisle dispensait une instruction d'excellente qualité. Le pensionnat de Carlisle est devenu le modèle des 26 autres établissements du Bureau des affaires indiennes implantés hors des réserves dans 15 États et territoires. Le gouvernement a tenu plus de 300 autres écoles sur des réserves, dont beaucoup acceptaient des pensionnaires issus d'autres tribus. Après l'entrée des États-Unis dans la Première Guerre mondiale, le pensionnat est fermé et récupéré par le département de la Guerre. Les méthodes du gouvernement et les pratiques observées à Carlisle et dans d'autres écoles du même type font l'objet de controverses depuis la fin du XXe siècle. Certains auteurs ont condamné l'attitude de Pratt concernant l'assimilation.

Professeurs

Alice Mary Robertson (1854-1931)

Références

(en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé « Carlisle Indian Industrial School » (voir la liste des auteurs).

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Bibliographie

David Wallace Adams, Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience 1875–1928, University of Kansas Press, 1997 (ISBN 978-0-7006-0838-6) Joseph Agonito, Lakota Portraits: Lives of the Legendary Plains People, Rowman & Littlefield, 2011 (ISBN 9780762768295, lire en ligne) Anderson, Lars, Carlisle vs. Army: Jim Thorpe, Dwight Eisenhower, Pop Warner, and the Forgotten Story of Football's Greatest Battle, Random House, 2007 (ISBN 978-1-4000-6600-1) Tom Benjey, Doctors, Lawyers, Indian Chiefs: Jim Thorpe and Pop Warner's Carlisle Indian School Football Immortals Tackle Socialites, Bootleggers, Students, Moguls..., Tuxedo Press, 2008 (ISBN 9780977448678) Alida S. Boorn, Oskate Wicasa (One Who Performs), Central Missouri State University, 2005 Elaine Goodale Eastman, Pratt, the Red Man's Moses, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1935 (LCCN 35021899) Fear-Segal, Jaqueline. "Nineteenth-Century Indian Education: Universalism Versus Evolutionism", Journal of American Studies, 33#2 (1999): 323–341. Fear-Segal, Jaqueline, ed., with Susan D. Rose. Carlisle Indian Industrial School: Indigenous Histories, Memories, and Reclamations (University of Nebraska Press, 2016). xiv, 398 pp Jacqueline Fear-Segal, White Man's Club: Schools and the Struggle of Indian Acculturation, Lincoln NA, Nebraska Univ. Press, 2007 (ISBN 9780803220249) American Indians and Popular Culture (Two volumes), ABC-CLIO, 22 février 2012 (ISBN 9780313379918, lire en ligne) Sally Jenkins, The Real All Americans: The Team That Changed a Game, a People, a Nation, Broadway Books, 2008 (ISBN 9780767926249, lire en ligne) Lester George Moses, Indians on the Midway: Wild West Shows and the Indian Bureau at World's Fairs, 1893–1904, South Dakota State Historical Society, 1991 Lester George Moses (illustrated, reprint), Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883-1933, Albuquerque NM, Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1999 (1re éd. 1996) (ISBN 9780826320896, lire en ligne) Daniel E. Witte and Paul Mero, "Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice", 2008 Brigham Young University Law Review 377

Sources primaires

Leahy, Todd, and Nathan Wilson, eds. "My First Days At The Carlisle Indian School By Howard Gansworth An Annotated Manuscript." Pennsylvania History 71.4 (2004): 479–493; memoir of alumnus of 1894. He praised Carlisle's influence; Gansworth Seneca-Tuscarora, from New York) later took two degrees at Princeton University. He became a successful businessman in Buffalo, New York, and a leader in Indian affairs. online Nancy J. Parezo et Don D. Fowler, The 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition: Anthropology Goes to the Fair, Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2007 (ISBN 9780803213944, lire en ligne) Richard Henry Pratt, The Indian Industrial School - Carlisle, Pennsylvania - Its origins, purposes, progress, and the difficulties surmounted, Carlisle, PA, Cumberland County Historical Society, 1979 (1re éd. 1908) (lire en ligne) Richard Henry Pratt, How to deal with the Indians: the potency of environment, Washington D.C., Library of Congress Photoduplication Service, 1983 Richard Henry Pratt, Battlefield and classroom: four decades with the American Indian, 1867–1904, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2003 (ISBN 9780806136035, lire en ligne) Richard Henry Pratt Papers. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Luther Standing Bear, Land of the Spotted Eagle, Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1933 (ISBN 0803258909, lire en ligne) Luther Standing Bear (illustrated, reprint), My People the Sioux, Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1975 (1re éd. 1928) (ISBN 9780803257931, lire en ligne) Linda F. Witmer, The Indian Industrial School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1879–1918, Carlisle PA, Cumberland County Historical Society, 1993 (ISBN 978-0-9638923-0-0)

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